Diamond tools

ABSTRACT

A method comprising: selecting a diamond material; irradiating the diamond material with electrons to increase toughness and/or wear resistance of the diamond material; and processing the diamond material into one or more diamond tool pieces, wherein the irradiating comprises controlling energy and dosage of irradiation to provide the diamond material with a plurality of isolated vacancy point defects, the isolated vacancy point defects having a concentration in a range 1×10 14  to 1×10 22  vacancies/cm −3

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to diamond tools and methods of making the same.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

For any application a user must consider a number of factors when choosing a tool material. Such factors including: cost; toughness; wear rate/hardness; ability to process a desired working surface such as a cutting edge; useful lifetime; and inertness to chemical effects with the material to be processed.

An ideal tool material is one which is both hard and tough. These two properties of materials used in wear and tear applications are often presented on two perpendicular axes. Very simply, wear is a measurement of the amount of material removed per unit of operation. Toughness is a measure of a material's resistance to crack propagation.

There is an on going desire to provide materials which are harder, tougher, stronger and more wear resistant. There is also an on going desire to provide faster, more precise and cleaner production methods which add up to cost efficiency and improved performance. It is an aim of certain embodiments of the present invention to at least partially address some of these needs.

Diamond materials are the materials of choice for many premium performance cutting, drilling, grinding and polishing tools. Diamond materials are used in tooling solutions across a range of industries including a variety of metal, stone and woodworking industries. Examples include aerospace and automotive manufacturing, furniture production, stone quarrying, construction, mining and tunneling, mineral processing, and the oil and gas industries.

Diamond's hardness properties make it the ultimate material in terms of wear. However, diamond's limited ability to plastically deform under stress at the tool's working temperature leads to more rapid crack propagation in comparison to much tougher materials such as steel.

Previous attempts to improve the durability of diamond have involved either adapting the method of forming the diamond material or treating the diamond material after forming the material. For example, WO 01/79583 teaches a process for improving the durability of a diamond-type tool to increase the impact strength and fracture toughness. The process involves implanting ions into the surface of a diamond-type tool. Ion implantation is a materials engineering process by which ions of a material can be implanted into another solid, thereby changing the physical properties of the solid. Under typical circumstances ions are implanted to a depth in the range 10 nanometers to 1 micrometer. WO 01/79583 teaches ion implantation which penetrates a diamond surface to a depth in the range 0.02 μm to 0.2 μm. Preferred ions include chromium, nickel, ruthenium, tantalum, titanium and yttrium.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,184,079 and GB 1588445 also teach a method for toughening diamond by bombarding the diamond with ions of sufficient energy to penetrate the diamond surface. Various ions are suggested including carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen ions. It is described that the ions form a dislocation network in the diamond crystal lattice thereby inhibiting microcleavage of the diamond. It is further described that the dislocations can be confined to a depth of from 10 nanometers to 1 micrometer below the surface of the diamond crystals in order to a hard skin on the surface thereof. It is taught that the dose of ions should be produce quite small, in the range 10¹⁶ to 10¹⁸ ions cm⁻², and have energies in the range 10 keV to 10 MeV, more preferably less than 100 keV so that the species implanted by the bombardment do not have a detrimental effect on the diamond material. As ion bombardment of diamond results in the amorphisation and softening of the surface unless the temperature is held sufficiently high to maintain the crystal structure, it is taught to use a temperature of at least 500° C. during ion bombardment.

GB 1588418 discloses a process for improving the wear characteristics of industrial diamonds. The process comprises implanting ions into the surface of the diamond. Carbon and nitrogen ions are suggested for this purpose.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,300 discloses a method of altering the friability of abrasive particles, particularly diamond and cubic boron nitride particles, by subjecting the particles to irradiation. Proton, neutrons and gamma radiation are suggested with neutrons being preferred.

WO 2005/088283 does not relate to increasing toughness and/or wear resistance of diamond material but does disclose using irradiation for detecting the presence of diamond in a particle. The method involves irradiating the particle with high energy photons to induce a photon/carbon nuclear reaction. WO 99/48107 also relates to a method of inducing a carbon nuclear reaction. In WO 99/48107, high energy radiation (16 MeV to 32 MeV) is used to cause the nuclear transmutation of some carbon atoms into boron to form electrically active sites for electronic device applications. It is taught that the high energy irradiation is preferably achieved using photons, and particularly gamma rays, but may also be achieved by using other irradiation sources such as electrons.

It is an aim of certain embodiments of the present invention to improve the toughness and/or wear resistance of diamond tools. It is a further aim of certain embodiments of the present invention to avoid some of the problems associated with the aforementioned methods.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a method comprising:

selecting a diamond material;

irradiating the diamond material with electrons to increase toughness and/or wear resistance of the diamond material; and

processing the diamond material into one or more diamond tool pieces,

wherein the irradiating comprises controlling energy and dosage of irradiation to provide the diamond material with a plurality of isolated vacancy point defects, the isolated vacancy point defects having a concentration in a range 1×10¹⁴ to 1×10²² vacancies/cm⁻³.

It is known that irradiating and/or annealing diamond material can change its colour. See, for example, EP 0 615 954 A1, EP 0 316 856 and “The Type Classification System of Diamonds and Its Importance in Gemology”, Gems and Gemology, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp 96-111, 2009. Furthermore, it is known from WO 99/48107 that high energy radiation (16 MeV to 32 MeV) can cause the nuclear transmutation of some carbon atoms into boron to form electrically active sites for electronic device applications. Further still, it is known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,184,079, GB1588445, GB 1588418, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,300 that the toughness and/or wear characteristics of diamond material can be changed using ion implantation or irradiation with proton, neutrons or gamma radiation. However, the present inventors are not aware of any prior art showing that electron irradiation according to embodiments of the present invention can lead to a significant improvement in the performance of diamond tool pieces. Significant increases in toughness and/or wear resistance have been observed. Furthermore, improvements in the way wear scars form results in the diamond tool pieces of embodiments of the present invention providing an improved surface finish. The significant improvements in performance of diamond tool pieces achieved by the present inventors using electron irradiation is a surprising and very important result.

It is surprising that electron irradiation has been found to give such improvements in the performance of diamond tool pieces because the electron radiation according to certain embodiments of the present invention tends to knock single carbon atoms off their lattice sites in the diamond crystal matrix to form isolated vacancies. In contrast, neutron, proton, and heavier ion irradiation tend to knock carbon atoms off their lattice sites with enough energy to knock further carbon atoms of their lattice sites resulting in what is known as cascade damage. This results in clusters of defects and a region of stress/strain within the diamond crystal matrix which may act to inhibit crack propagation and increase toughness.

While not being bound by theory, it would appear that electron irradiation according to embodiments of the present invention increases toughness and/or wear resistance of diamond material via a different mechanism to that described above for neutrons, protons, and heavier ions. It would appear that electron irradiation may be increasing toughness and/or wear resistance by introducing vacancy point defects, more particularly isolated vacancy point defects, into the diamond lattice structure and that these vacancies can act as crack stops in the diamond lattice.

In light of the above, it is advantageous to irradiate the diamond material in order to form a large number of such point defects. It has been found that a suitable concentration of vacancy defects can be formed using electron radiation. Electron irradiation can introduce a near uniform concentration of vacancies, while minimizing the formation of cascade damage e.g. vacancy chains. The vacancy point defects may be in the neutral (V⁰) and negative charge states (V⁻). The total vacancy concentration ([V_(T)]=[V⁰]+[V⁻]) may be in the range: 1×10¹⁴ to 1×10²² vacancies/cm⁻³; 1×10¹⁴ to 1×10²¹ vacancies/cm³; 1×10¹⁴ to 1×10²⁰ vacancies/cm³; 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10²¹ cm⁻³; 5×10¹⁵ to 1×10²⁰ vacancies/cm⁻³; 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10¹⁹ vacancies/cm³; 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10¹⁸ vacancies/cm³; 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10¹⁷ vacancies/cm³; 1×10¹⁶ to 5×10¹⁹ vacancies/cm⁻³; or 5×10¹⁶ to 1×10¹⁹ vacancies/cm⁻³ or 1×10¹⁶ to 1×10¹⁷ vacancies/cm³.

Such a concentration of defects can be formed, for example, using electron irradiation having a dose rate: 1×10¹⁵ e⁻/cm² or greater; in the range 1×10¹⁶ e⁻/cm² to 1×10¹⁹ e⁻/cm²; in the range 1×10¹⁷ e⁻/cm² to 1×10¹⁹ e⁻/cm²; or in the range 2×10¹⁷ e⁻/cm² to 1×10¹⁹ e⁻/cm². The irradiation may have an energy: 30 keV or greater; in the range 0.1 MeV to 12 MeV; in the range 0.5 MeV to 10 MeV; or in the range 1 MeV to 8 MeV. According to certain embodiments, the irradiation is preferably above an energy and dose rate which leads to a change in colour of the diamond material. It is also advantageous that the irradiation is kept below an energy and dose rate which would lead to amorphization of the diamond material. Amorphization has a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the diamond material. In general, the longer the irradiation dose the more vacancy defects will be introduced. However, the rate of vacancy incorporation may vary according to the nature of the starting material.

During irradiation according to certain embodiments of the present invention, the temperature of the diamond material is kept relatively low. For example, the temperature may be: 500° C. or less; 400° C. or less; 300° C. or less; 200° C. or less; 100° C. or less; or 50° C. or less. In order to keep the temperature down, the diamond material may be actively cooled during irradiation. It is advantageous to keep the temperature relatively low as an increase in temperature can result in a decrease in the number density of vacancy defects.

The method may also comprise the optional step of annealing the diamond material in addition to treatment by electron irradiation. The annealing step may be performed before, during or after the irradiation step, or any combination thereof. In certain applications it may be preferred to perform an annealing step before irradiating as an annealing step after irradiating can result in a decrease in vacancy defects. The annealing may be performed at a temperature of 1600° C. or greater, 1800° C. or greater, 2200° C. or greater, or 2400° C. or greater. Embodiments of the present invention may include a combination of irradiating and a relatively low temperature anneal, or a combination of irradiating and a high pressure high temperature anneal. Embodiments also envisage the possibility of iterative doses of radiation and/or iterative annealing. That is, more than one annealing and/or irradiation step may be performed. For example, the diamond material may be annealed, then irradiated with electrons, and then annealed. Further alternating irradiation and annealing steps may also be performed. Alternatively, the diamond material may not be exposed to any substantial annealing step, at least after irradiation. By substantial annealing step, we mean an annealing step which substantially and measurably changes the properties of the material.

A relatively low temperature anneal may be advantageous for certain applications. In use, the diamond material can get hot, and most methods of mounting the diamond tool piece also include brazing at, for example, 900° C. As such, a low temperature anneal can be useful to ensure a consistent performance of the diamond tool pieces in use. For example, a low temperature anneal at a temperature of 1500° C. or less, 1300° C. or less, 1200° C. or less, 1100° C., or less, or approximately 1000° C. can be useful for certain applications.

The irradiation may be performed before, during, or after processing to form one or more tool pieces. The processing may involve treating, grinding, cutting and/or shaping the diamond material to form one or more diamond tool pieces, each tool piece having a working surface such as a cutting blade. For example, the processing may comprise forming one of: a wear part; a dresser; a wire drawing die; a gauge stone; and a cutter. The method may further comprise incorporating the one or more diamond tool pieces into one or more tools and the irradiating may be performed before, during, or after this incorporating step.

Irradiating the diamond material prior to incorporating the material into a tool is advantageous in that the increase in toughness and/or wear resistance as a result of the irradiation can reduce the likelihood of the diamond material being damaged during the processing steps involved in incorporating the diamond material into the tool. Furthermore, other components in the tool may be damaged by the radiation and this is avoided if the diamond material is irradiated prior to the diamond material being incorporated into the tool. For example, it is know that irradiation can reduce the toughness of metallic materials such as steel. Further still, existing manufacturing processes for forming tools using diamond material do not need to be altered in any way if the diamond is pre-treated prior to tool manufacture.

On the other hand, irradiating the diamond material after the diamond material has been incorporated into the tool has the advantage that existing diamond tools can be treated to increase their toughness and/or wear resistance. Further still, the irradiation can be directed to particular portions of the diamond material within the tool where it is desired to increase the toughness and/or wear resistance. This avoids the need to irradiate other portions of the diamond material which may not be required to have an increased toughness and/or wear resistance in use.

In addition to improving the toughness and/or wear resistance of the tool, an increase in toughness and/or hardness of the diamond can allow the diamond material to be processed in different ways. For example, an increase in toughness can allow the diamond material to be processed to a sharper edge for more precise cutting without the edge cracking or chipping during processing or in use.

The diamond material can be irradiated with electrons to a depth of 1 μm or greater, 10 μm or greater, 100 μm or greater, 500 μm or greater or 1 mm or greater. The diamond material may be irradiated with electrons throughout a total thickness of the diamond material.

The diamond material may also be exposed to electron radiation on more than one side of the material. For example, a diamond plate may be exposed on both main faces to achieve an even exposure of electron radiation. Similarly, a plurality of small particles may be shaken during irradiation such that the particles roll and receive a reasonably even exposure to the electron radiation over their surface. Rotation of the sample during irradiation, or repeated rotation followed by irradiation, can assist in achieving irradiation throughout the volume of diamond material and/or assist in achieving a relatively even distribution of point defects.

An advantage of certain embodiments of the present invention over prior art ion implantation methods is that embodiments of the present invention can be more cost effective. This is because certain embodiments provide a bulk treatment of the diamond material rather than just a surface treatment. Accordingly, the electron irradiation can be done before processing the diamond material into a tool piece and incorporating the tool piece into a tool. Furthermore, bulk treatment can be applied to a large volume of material pieces with relatively simple handling requirements. For example, diamond pieces do not need to be carefully mounted in a certain orientation as is required for many surface treatments. In contrast, prior art ion implantation methods need to be performed after processing of the diamond material. This is because prior art ion implantation methods generally result in an increase in toughness only near the surface of the diamond material. Processing of the material into a tool piece by, for example, cutting, shaping and/or grinding the diamond material will remove the treated surface of such materials. Another advantage of certain embodiments of the present invention is that the tool pieces can be re-worked without having to re-treat the tool pieces. A further advantage is that electron irradiation prior to processing to form a tool piece can improve the working surface achievable by the processing. For example, an electron irradiated diamond material with increased toughness can be processed to a sharper cutting edge for more precise cutting without chipping or cracking the cutting edge during processing. Yet a further advantage of certain embodiments of the present invention over, for example, irradiation with neutrons, is that the electron irradiation does not make materials “hot” in the radioactive sense.

The diamond material according to embodiments of the invention may be natural diamond or synthetic diamond. The synthetic diamond may be formed by a high pressure high temperature (HPHT) method or by a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method. The diamond material could be single crystal, polycrystalline, grit, diamond-like-carbon (DLC), or a composite diamond material such as diamond grains dispersed in a metal matrix (usually cobalt and known as PCD) or an inorganic matrix (such as silicon carbide and known as skeleton cemented diamond or ScD). The diamond material may comprise crystals having a size: 1 nm or greater; 100 nm or greater; 500 nm or greater; 1 micrometer or greater; 5 micrometer or greater; 0.5 mm or greater; 1 mm or greater; 3 mm or greater; or 10 mm or greater. The diamond material may comprise one or more crystals and may form a body having at least one dimension up to, for example, 200 mm or more (for example, in a polycrystalline diamond plate or dome). The invention is particularly suited for application to HPHT and CVD diamond. However, certain embodiments may also be applied to natural diamond.

According to certain embodiments of the present invention the diamond material may be any of Type Ia, Type Ib, Type IIa, or Type IIb. Good results have been obtained for Type Ib diamond. Particularly good results have been achieved by irradiating single crystal Type Ib diamond.

The diamond material may have an isolated nitrogen content of: 1000 ppm or less; 600 ppm or less; 300 ppm or less; 200 ppm or less; 150 ppm or less; 50 ppm or less; 10 ppm or less; 5 ppm or less; 1 ppm or less; 0.5 ppm or less; 0.1 ppm or less; or 0.01 ppm or less. According to certain embodiments, electron irradiation may be used to increase the toughness of low nitrogen content diamond material which can be more brittle. However, it is considered that the presence of nitrogen is beneficial and can be used in combination with electron irradiation to improve toughness. That is, the electron irradiation and the nitrogen act in a compatible manner to provide a tougher more wear resistant material. For HPHT diamond material, good results have been obtained using materials having an isolated (single substituted) nitrogen concentration in the range 30 to 300 ppm. While it may be postulated that a similar nitrogen content would be desirable for CVD diamond material, in practice other factors relating to CVD diamond growth can restrict the nitrogen content. Accordingly, in practice an isolated (single substituted) nitrogen concentration in the range 0.08 to 50 ppm is preferred for CVD diamond material. In contrast, for natural Type Ia diamond materials a nitrogen content of 200 to 2000 ppm is preferable. This difference may be because the nitrogen is present in an aggregated form in such natural diamond materials and therefore behaves differently to electron irradiated material which comprises single substituted nitrogen.

Preferably, the electron irradiation increases the useful lifetime of the diamond tool piece by 10% or greater, preferably 20% or greater, more preferably 50% or greater of the lifetime of an untreated diamond tool piece.

In addition to increasing the toughness and/or wear resistance of diamond tools, the electron irradiation treatment of embodiments of the present invention has the bonus effect of producing diamond tool pieces with more desirable colours. A tool of a specific colour is useful as the colour also relates to its performance, thus giving the tools of the present invention a distinctive colour branding in addition to performance advantages. Traditionally, synthetic diamond tool pieces have generally contained diamond material which is yellow in colour. Particularly good results have been obtained by starting with a yellow, most preferably deep yellow, diamond material and irradiating the yellow diamond material in order to increase toughness and/or wear resistance. The irradiation can also change the colour of the yellow diamond material. A range of colours may be achieved depending on the exact type of starting material and whether an annealing step is performed in addition to irradiation. For example, colourless or near colourless CVD diamond turns blue when irradiated in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. If irradiated and then heated to a temperature greater than approximately 700° C. then the CVD diamond which was originally colourless or near colourless may turn colourless, orange, brown or a pink colour dependant on irradiation and annealing treatment. In contrast, yellow HPHT Type Ib diamond may turn green when irradiated (depending on dose) in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. If irradiated and then heated to a temperature greater than approximately 700° C. then the yellow HPHT Type Ib diamond may turn a red or purple colour (depending on irradiation and anneal). In certain cutting application, the green diamond obtained by irradiating HPHT Type Ib diamond has been found to give particularly good results.

Further still, the colour of diamond material according to certain embodiments of the present invention can change, for example, when a certain temperature is exceeded for a certain length of time. This colour change can be used as a quality control indicator and/or an indicator that a diamond tool piece requires replacement. For example, a green HPHT Type Ib diamond tool piece according to one embodiment of the present invention may turn red/purple after prolonged use at high temperatures. This can act as an indicator that the diamond tool piece requires replacement and/or if there is excessive heating due to manufacturing issues, e.g. with the mounting or tool design and therefore excessive heating is occurring.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the present invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates the basic steps involved in performing a method according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates the basic steps involved in performing a method according to another embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 3 illustrates the basic steps involved in performing a method according to another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 illustrates the basic steps involved in performing a method according to an embodiment of the present invention. A diamond material 10 is irradiated with electrons to form a diamond material 12 with increased toughness and/or wear resistance. The diamond material 12 is then cut, for example using a laser or mechanical cutter, to form one or more diamond tool pieces 14. One or more diamond tool pieces 14 are then brazed to a carrier 16 to form a diamond tool.

FIG. 2 illustrates the basic steps involved in performing a method according to another embodiment of the present invention. A diamond material 20 is cut, for example using a laser or mechanical cutter, to form one or more diamond tool pieces 22. The one or more diamond tool pieces 22 are then irradiated to form irradiated diamond tool pieces 24. One or more irradiated diamond tool pieces 24 are then brazed to a carrier 26 to form a diamond tool.

FIG. 3 illustrates the basic steps involved in performing a method according to another embodiment of the present invention. A diamond material 30 is cut, for example using a laser or mechanical cutter, to form one or more diamond tool pieces 32. One or more diamond tool pieces 32 are then brazed to a carrier 34 to form a diamond tool. The one or more diamond tool pieces 34 are then irradiated to form irradiated diamond tool pieces 36.

The described embodiments of the present invention provide a method of increasing toughness and/or wear resistance of a tool comprising diamond material, the method comprising irradiating the diamond material with electrons to increase toughness and/or wear resistance. The irradiation treatment forms vacancy defects in the diamond material.

Electron irradiation (for example, less than or equal to 12 MeV) typically introduces vacancies in an isolated form. These may be in the neutral (V⁰) and negative charge states (V). The total vacancy concentration ([V_(T)]=[V⁰]+[V⁻]) post irradiation should preferably be in the range: 1×10¹⁴ to 1×10²² vacancies/cm⁻³; 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10²¹ vacancies/cm⁻³; 5×10¹⁵ to 1×10²⁰ vacancies/cm⁻³; 1×10¹⁶ to 5×10¹⁹ vacancies/cm⁻³; or 5×10¹⁶ to 1×10¹⁹ vacancies/cm⁻³. An iterative process can be used to find optimum defect levels. A diamond material can be irradiated, tested, re-irradiated, and so on to find the optimum defect levels for a particular diamond material for a particular type of tool piece and tool application.

Electron irradiation is typically carried out with a beam source in the energy range 0.1 MeV to 12 MeV. The preferred energy is that which introduces a near uniform concentration of vacancies in a nitrogen doped diamond, while minimizing the formation of cascade damage e.g. vacancy chains. For the results reported here it was found that 4.5 MeV provided a good compromise between these two factors.

Factors such as diamond temperature, beam energy, beam flux, and even the starting diamond's properties can affect the [V_(T)] produced for a fixed experimental irradiation set-up and time. Irradiation is typically carried out with the sample mounted under ambient conditions ˜300 K with only minimal temperature rise during the irradiation dose (e.g. less than 100 K). However, factors such as beam energy and beam flux can lead to sample heating. Preferably the sample is held as cold as possible (with even cryogenic cooling at 77 K being advantageous under some circumstances) to enable high dose rates without compromising temperature control and thus minimize the irradiation time. This is advantageous for commercial reasons.

The vacancy concentration can be measured spectroscopically. For example, to measure concentrations of isolated vacancies, spectra are obtained at 77 K, using liquid nitrogen to cool the samples, since at that temperature sharp peaks at 741 nm and 394 nm are seen that are attributable to neutral and negatively charged isolated vacancies respectively. The coefficients that are used for the calculations of concentrations of isolated vacancies in the present specification are those set out by G. Davies in Physica B 273-274 (1999) 15-23, as detailed in Table 1 below. In Table 1, “A” is the integrated absorption (meV cm⁻¹) in the zero phonon line of the transition, measured at 77 K, with the absorption coefficient in cm⁻¹ and the photon energy in meV. The concentration is in cm⁻³.

TABLE 1 Defect Calibration V⁻ AND1 = (4.8 ± 0.2) × 10−16[V⁻] V⁰ AGR1 = (1.2 ± 0.3) × 10−16[V⁰]

The diamond material used in embodiments of the present invention may be natural diamond, HPHT diamond and CVD diamond. It will be understood that natural diamond, HPHT diamond and CVD diamond have their own distinctive structural and functional characteristics and thus the terms “natural”, “HPHT” and “CVD” not only refer to the method of formation of the diamond material but also refer to specific structural and functional characteristics of the materials themselves. For example, a synthetic CVD diamond material may be unequivocally distinguished from a synthetic diamond material synthesized using HPHT techniques by the dislocation structure. In synthetic CVD diamond, dislocations generally thread in a direction that is roughly perpendicular to the initial growth surface of the substrate, i.e. where the substrate is a (001) substrate, the dislocations are approximately aligned parallel to the direction. In synthetic diamond material synthesized using HPHT techniques, dislocations that nucleate on surface of the seed crystal (often a surface close to {001}) typically grow in <110> directions. Thus the two types of material can be distinguished by their different dislocation structures observed, for example, in an X-ray topograph.

Another method by which a synthetic CVD diamond material may be positively distinguished from a synthetic diamond material synthesized using HPHT techniques is by detecting the presence of metallic inclusions, such inclusions being incorporated into HPHT-synthesized material as a result of the synthesis process, the metallic inclusions originating from metals used as the solvent catalyst metal, e.g. iron, cobalt, or nickel etc. These inclusions can vary in size, typically from less than 1 μm to more than 100 μm. Larger inclusions within that size range may be observed using a stereo-microscope (e.g. a Zeiss DV4); whilst smaller inclusions within that size range may be observed using transmitted light in a metallurgical microscope (e.g. a Zeiss “Axiophot”).

A further method that can be used to provide positive distinction between synthetic diamonds produced by CVD and HPHT methods is photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). In the case of HPHT-synthesised material, defects containing atoms from the catalyst metals (typically transition metals) used in the synthesis process (e.g. nickel, cobalt, or iron etc.) are frequently present and the detection of such defects by PL positively indicates that the material has been synthesised by an HPHT method.

The diamond material used in embodiments of the present invention may be Type Ia, Type Ib, Type IIa or Type IIb. Type Ia and Type Ib diamonds contain nitrogen. In Type Ia, the nitrogen atoms form various types of aggregate defect whereas in Type Ib diamonds, the nitrogen atoms tend to be isolated as single impurities. Type Ia diamonds can be colourless, brown, pink, and violet. Natural Type Ib diamonds can be deep yellow (“canary”), orange, brown or greenish. Type IIa and Type IIb diamond contain no nitrogen (strictly speaking, some nitrogen is always present but in Type II diamond the levels are much lower than in Type I diamond). Type IIa and Type IIb diamond differ in that Type IIb diamond contains boron as an impurity. Type II diamonds vary from colourless to deep blue, pink or brown. The colour of a diamond is determined by the number, type and distribution of defects within the crystal structure. Colour can also be introduced if there is a fine dispersion of metallic particles in the diamond material. Crystal defects include dislocations, microcracks, twin boundaries, point defects, and low angle boundaries. As such, for example, the colour of diamond will depend on the type and distribution of impurities such as nitrogen and boron as well as the type and distribution of other defects such as dislocations. There are a large number of different types and subclasses of defects within diamond. For example, there are numerous different types of nitrogen defect alone, each having its own spectral characteristics.

The tools formed by embodiments of the present invention may be used for a range of applications including cutting, grinding, polishing, drilling and/or wire drawing. Particularly good results have been obtained to date for cutting applications and wire drawing.

The diamond material in the tool may be configured into a number of possible crystallographic orientations including 2-point, 3-point and 4-point crystals which correspond to {110}, {111} and {100} crystallographic planes respectively. Particularly good results have been obtained for 3-point HPHT Type Ib diamond in a wire drawing tool and 2-point HPHT Type Ib diamond in a cutting tool. Optionally, the working surface of the diamond tool piece is formed by a single sector of diamond material.

According to one arrangement, a yellow Type Ib HPHT synthetic diamond was irradiated with electrons. The electron irradiation was carried out at 4.5 MeV, 20 mA at 50% scan width for 2 hrs using an instrument such as that found at Isotron plc. The overall dose provided to the sample was 1.95×10¹⁸ e⁻/cm². The diamond material turned green in colour. No substantial annealing step was performed although the material was subjected to a short heating step when the material was brazed to a carrier to form a tool.

The irradiated diamond material was tested in cutting applications and wire drawing applications. Cutting tests showed that the irradiated diamond out performed natural stones and was far better than any other 2-point or 4-point stone of either synthetic or natural diamond. Wire drawing tests also showed improved performance for the irradiated material. The irradiated diamond material degraded much more slowly than standard synthetic diamond in use. Furthermore, lines and scratches which are sometimes formed in synthetic or natural diamond materials in use were not observed in the irradiated material.

Trails have also been completed on four irradiated 2-point HPHT diamond tools in a fly cutting application. The electron irradiation was carried out at 4.5 MeV, 20 mA at 50% scan width for 2 hrs using an instrument such as that found at Isotron plc, the overall dose provided the sample was 1.95×10¹⁸ e⁻/cm². The tool pieces were mounted onto a standard tungsten carbide shank using a standard braze (2-3 mins at 900° C.). They were used in a fly cutting application, processing copper and aluminium for metal optics applications such as CO₂ laser mirrors. Such interrupted cutting is a particularly good test as there is repeated impact on the tool pieces. There was an approximately 50% improvement in the tool lifetime of the irradiated HPHT tool pieces compared to untreated HPHT diamond.

According to another arrangement, a colourless or near colourless single crystal CVD diamond plate was irradiated with electrons to form a blue material. This material can be used, for example, to form a cutting blade. The cutting blade can be cut out of a blank plate using, for example, a laser. The blue material can be optionally annealed at approximately 700° C. to form an orange/light brown material.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be understood to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appendant claims. 

1. A method comprising: selecting a diamond material; irradiating the diamond material with electrons to increase toughness and/or wear resistance of the diamond material; and processing the diamond material into one or more diamond tool pieces, wherein the irradiating comprises controlling energy and dosage of irradiation to provide the diamond material with a plurality of isolated vacancy point defects, the isolated vacancy point defects having a concentration in a range 1×10¹⁴ to 1×10²² vacancies/cm⁻³.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the irradiating is performed before, during, or after the processing.
 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the selecting comprises selecting one or more of a natural diamond material, a synthetic diamond material, a high pressure high temperature (HPHT) diamond material, a chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond material, a single crystalline diamond material, a polycrystalline diamond material, a diamond-like-carbon material, a diamond, a Type Ib diamond material, and a composite diamond material
 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the irradiating comprises irradiating the diamond material to a depth of: 1 μm or greater; 10 μm or greater; 100 μm or greater; 500 μm or greater; 1 mm or greater; or throughout a total thickness of the diamond material.
 5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the irradiating is performed at a temperature of: 500° C. or less; 400° C. or less; 300° C. or less; 200° C. or less; 100° C. or less; or 50° C. or less.
 6. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: cooling the diamond material during the irradiating.
 7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the irradiating comprises irradiation having an energy of: 30 keV or greater; in the range 0.1 MeV to 12 MeV; in the range 0.5 MeV to 10 MeV; or in the range 1 MeV to 8 MeV.
 8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the irradiating comprises electron irradiation having a dose rate: 1×10¹⁵ e⁻/cm² or greater; in the range 1×10¹⁶ e⁻/cm² to 1×10¹⁹ e⁻/cm²; in the range 1×10¹⁷ e⁻/cm² to 1×10¹⁹ e⁻/cm²; or in the range 2×10¹⁷ e⁻/cm² to 1×10¹⁹ e⁻/cm².
 9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the isolated vacancy point defects having a concentration in the range: 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10²¹ vacancies/cm⁻³; 5×10¹⁵ to 1×10²⁰ cm⁻³; 1×10¹⁶ to 5×10¹⁹ vacancies/cm⁻³; or 5×10¹⁶ to 1×10¹⁹ vacancies/cm⁻³.
 10. A method according to claim 1, wherein the irradiating comprises irradiation below an energy and dose rate which would lead to amorphization of the diamond material.
 11. A method according to claim 1, wherein the irradiating comprises irradiating the diamond material above an energy and dose rate which leads to a change in colour of the diamond material.
 12. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: annealing the diamond material.
 13. A method according to claim 12, wherein the annealing is performed before, during or after the irradiating.
 14. A method according to claim 12, wherein the annealing is performed at a temperature: 1600° C. or greater; 1800° C. or greater; 2200° C. or greater; or 2400° C. or greater.
 15. A method according to claim 1, wherein the diamond material is not exposed to a substantial annealing step.
 16. A method according to claim 1, wherein the irradiating comprises one of: rotating the diamond material during irradiation with electrons; or irradiating the diamond material with electrons, rotating the diamond material, and irradiating the diamond material with electrons.
 17. A method according to claim 1, wherein the processing comprises shaping the diamond material to form a working surface.
 18. A method according to claim 1, wherein the processing comprises forming one of: a wear part; a dresser; a wire drawing die; a gauge stone; and a cutter.
 19. A method according to claim 1, further comprising: incorporating the one or more diamond tool pieces into one or more tools.
 20. A method according to claim 19, wherein the irradiating is performed before, during, or after the incorporating.
 21. A tool piece comprising diamond material irradiated with electrons to increase toughness and/or wear resistance of the diamond material, wherein the diamond material comprises isolated vacancy point defects having a concentration in a range 1×10¹⁴ to 1×10²² vacancies/cm⁻³.
 22. A tool piece according to claim 21, wherein the vacancy point defects have a concentration in the range: 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10²¹ vacancies/cm⁻³; 5×10¹⁵ to 1×10²⁰ cm⁻³; 1×10¹⁶ to 5×10¹⁹ vacancies/cm⁻³; or 5×10¹⁶ to 1×10¹⁹ vacancies/cm⁻³.
 23. A tool piece according to claim 21, where in the diamond material is blue, orange, brown, green, red or purple.
 24. A tool piece according to claim 21, where in the diamond material is configured to change colour in use indicating that the tool piece requires replacement and/or there is excessive heating.
 25. A tool piece according to claim 21, where in the tool piece is one of: a wear part; a dresser; a wire drawing die; a gauge stone; and a cutter.
 26. A tool piece manufacturing using a method according to claim
 1. 27. A tool comprising one or more tool pieces according to claim
 21. 28. (canceled)
 29. (canceled) 